Course Outline
Early History
- In the Southeast
- In the Southwest
- Mexican Independence and Free Trade
Conflict With the United States
- Problems For Landowners
Immigration in the Early 1900’s
- Immigration Restrictions
- Growing Discrimination
Effects of World War II
Immigration In the Mid-1900’s
- Puerto Rican Migration
- Cuban Migration
- Problems With Cuban Migration
- Living Conditions for Cuban Americans
Immigration in the Late 1900’s
- Hispanic Americans Today
Cultural Backgrounds of Hispanic Americans
- Cultural Bonds
- National and Ethnic Origins
- Where Hispanics Live
- Settlers in the West Indies
- Spanish and African Influences in Puerto Rico and Cuba
- Aztec Influence in Mexico
- Spanish and Indian Cultures in Mexico
- Holidays
The Day of the Dead–Mexico Honors Those Gone But
- Not Forgotten
Hispanic Values
- Family Values
- Etiquette
- Rituals and Religions
- Celebrations and Holidays
- Eating Habits
- Teaching and Learning Implications
- References
On Terminology: Hispanic or Latino?
‘Hispanic’ vs ‘Latino’
- La Familia
- Respeto
- Personalismo
- Confianza
- Names
- Family Structures
- Communication and Social Interaction
- Time Orientation
- Concept of Health
- References
Mexican-American
- Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines
- Eating Practices, Food Preferences and Food Preparation Techniques
- Teaching Implications
- References
Puerto Rican
- Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines
- Eating Practices, Food Preferences
and Food Preparation Techniques - Teaching Implications
- References
La Cocina—Southwestern Cuisine
- Key Facts
Mortality and Morbidity
- Smoking
- Diet
- Cholesterol
- Weight and Exercise
- Alcohol and Substance Abuse
- Violence and Unintentional Injuries
- Environment
Key Areas of Concern
- AIDS and HIV
- Cancer
- Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Hypertension
- Diabetes
- Environmental Health
- Mental Health
- Tuberculosis
Health Beliefs and Practices
- Concept of Health
- Potential Culture-Related Health Concerns Among Hispanic
Populations - Health Promotion, Prevention, and Treatment
- Folk Beliefs of Some Hispanics About Health and Illness
That Can Affect Care and Treatment - Major Folk Illnesses Among Hispanic Populations
- Major Systems of Folk Healing Among Hispanic Populations
- Sources for Further Reading
Health Culture Sketch
- Introduction
- Geographic Distribution in U.S.
- General Characteristics
- Health Care Decision-Making
Mexican-American
- Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines
- Eating Practices, Food Preferences and Food Preparation
Techniques - Teaching Implications
- References
Puerto Rican
- Food Habits and Their Relationship to Dietary Guidelines
- Eating Practices, Food Preferences and Food Preparation Techniques
- Teaching Implications
- References
La Cocina—Southwestern Cuisine 88
- Status of Hispanics Varies by Origins
- Table 1. U.S. Hispanic Populations Vary Widely in Age,
Earnings, Level of Schooling, and Household Size - Disease and Mortality Puzzle Policymakers
- Hispanics Surpass Non-Hispanics in Diet Quality
- . . . Especially Spanish-Speaking Hispanics
- Table 2. Hispanic Spanish Speakers Score Highest on Healthy
- Eating Index
- Table 3. Hispanic Attitudes and Knowledge About Nutrition Diverge
- References
Nutrition Counseling Tips For Hispanic-American Clients
- Concept of Disease
- Origins of Hispanic Folk Medicine
- Utilization of Lay Healers Among Hispanics
- Hypertension
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Folk Medicine-Treatments-Upper Respiratory Infection
- Folk Medicine-Treatments-Osteoarthritis/Rheumatism
Treatment of Folk Illnesses
- Conclusion
- Folk Remedies Everyone Should Know
- Illustrations: Plants and Herbs Commonly Used as Folk Remedies
- Curandera Preparing for a Barrida
Introduction
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Table 1. Herbal Users by Perceived Health Problems
- Table 2. Botanical Nomenclature for Commonly Used Herbal Remedies
- Table 3. Herb Users’ Sources of Information on Herbal Remediesa
- Table 4. Frequency of Use of the Top 10 Herbs Used by Herbal Users
- Table 5. Most Frequently Used Herbal Remedies forTop Five Perceived Health Problems
- References
- Terminology
Demographics
- Size and Origin of Population
- Location
- Age
- Family Size
- Underlying Causes of Health Disparities: Income and Education
- Education
- Socioeconomic Status and Health Status
- Income and Economic Status
- Employment
Health Status
- Leading Causes of Mortality
- Specific Health Concerns
- Traditional Health Beliefs and Practices
- Traditional Illnesses
Risk Factors and Challenges
- Racism
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards
- Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Quality Care
- Language and Communication
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Alcohol Use
- Physical Activity
- Practical Tips For Treating Hispanic Patients
- Strengths and Protective Factors
- Diet
Adherence Factors
- Decision-making
- Communication
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- References and Resources
Quality & Culture Quiz
Quality & Culture Quiz Answers
Cancer Rates
- Overall Incidence and Mortality Rates
- African -Americans
- Hispanics/Latinos
- Asian Pacific Islanders
- American Indian/Alaska Natives
What Are Cancer Health Disparities?
- Financial Issues
- Minorities Are More Likely Not to Have a Regular Doctor
- Minorities Face Greater Difficulty in Communicating
- Transportation Can Limit Access
- Accurate Information is Not Universally Available
- Percentage of Adults Who Have Problems Communicating With Their Doctor
- Percentage of U.S. Women Who Had Screening Tests
- Available Information Does Not Reach All Populations
- Potential Biases Can Affect Cancer Health
- Not Everyone Receives the Screening Equally
- Higher Percentage of Whites Receive Medicare Services in Managed Care Plans
- Older African Americans Receive Lower Rate of Surgery And Have Lower Resulting Survival Rate
Eliminate Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
- What is the burden of cardiovascular disease in the United States?
- Where are the disparities?
- What is the goal?
- What is the strategy?
- What can healthcare providers do to help reduce the burden of CVD?
- What can individuals do to decrease their risk of developing CVD?
- For More Information About Cardiovascular Disease:
Do Racial and Ethnic Minorities Receive a Lower Quality of
- Healthcare?
What Are the Sources of Healthcare Disparities?
- Clinical Uncertainty
- The Implicit Nature of Stereotypes
- Healthcare Provider Prejudice or Bias
- Medical Decisions Under Time Pressure with Limited Information
- Patient Response: Mistrust and Refusal
What Can Healthcare Providers Do to Help Eliminate
- Disparities in Care?
- Guide to Information Sources
- REFERENCES
- Did You Know…
Major Studies of Diabetes in Hispanic Americans
How Many Hispanic Americans Have Diabetes?
- Table 1. Hispanic American Populations in the United States and
Percentage With Diabetes
What Factors Increase the Chance of Developing Type 2 Diabetes?
- Genetic Risk Factors
- Figure 1. Prevalence of Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Diabetes in Mexican Americans, U.S., 1988-94
- Figure 2. Genetic Origins of the Major Hispanic Subgroups in the United States
- Medical and Lifestyle Risk Factors
- Prediabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Impaired Fasting Glucose)
- Gestational Diabetes
- Hyperinsulinemia and Insulin Resistance
- Obesity
- Figure 3. Prevalence of Overweight Individuals Among Whites,
Blacks, and Mexican Americans in the Population, 1988-91 - Physical Activity
How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Young People?
How Does Diabetes Affect Hispanic Women During Pregnancy?
How Do Diabetes Complications Affect Hispanic Americans?
- Eye Disease
- Kidney Disease
- Nerve Disease
- Peripheral Vascular Disease
- Heart Disease
- Diabetes and Diet
How Is NIDDK Addressing the Problem of Diabetes in Hispanic Americans?
- Diabetes Prevention Program
- National Diabetes Education Program
Points to Remember
- References
What Health Problems Affect a Lot of Hispanic Americans/Latina Women?
- Obesity and Overweight
- Heart Disease
- Stroke
- Cancers
- Maternal and Infant Health
- Smoking and Pregnancy: A Critical Risk Factor for Pregnant Females
- HIV/AIDS
- Cultural Attitudes
- Gender Roles
- Attitudes About Sex
- Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Tuberculosis
- Psychiatric Disorders
Violence Against Women
- Hispanic American/Latina Women
- Leading Causes of Death for Women in the United States, 2000
Getting Health Care
- What types of care coverage exist? How do I find
out about them? - For More Information
Adolescent Females of Color
- Access to Services
- Health
- Health Risk Behaviors
- Sexual Intercourse
- Substance Abuse
- Unsafe Moter Vehicle Operation
- Healthful Behaviors
Elderly Women of Color
- Demographics
- Native Americans
- Hispanics
- Black Americans
- Asians and Pacific Islanders
- Access to Health Care
- Health Assessment
- Folic Acid Knowledge and Use Among Hispanic Women
- Preventing Alcohol-Exposed Pregnancies Among Hispanic Women
Maternal Health Risks of Immigrant Women From Latin America
Maternal & Reproductive Health Beliefs
Understanding the Health Culture of Recent Immigrants to the United States: A Cross-Cultural Maternal Health Information Catalog
- Examples of Cultural Beliefs Held by Certain Immigrant Groups
- Examples of Epidemiological Data Affecting the Health of Childbearing Women
- Examples of Proposed Links Between Epidemiological Data and Cultural Beliefs/Practices; and Associated Health Risks to Pregnant Women and Infants
- Lessons for Health Care Professionals From Knowledge of Cultural Beliefs or Immigrant Experiences
- REFERENCES
Screening for Abuse in Spanish-Speaking Women
- Women Abuse Screening Tool
Introduction
The Older Hispanic Population: Past, Present, and Future
- Residence
- Educational Level
- Living Arrangements
- Poverty
- Health
- Self-Rated Health Status
- Access to Medical Care
- Diversity of Hispanic Elders
- Health and Chronic Illnesses
- Hispanic Americans and Family Caregiving
- Older Hispanic Americans and Poverty
- Education
Elderly Abuse in Hispanic Families
Ethnic Differences in Drinking Patterns
Ethnicity and Alcohol Problems
- Medical Consequences
- Social Consequences
Contributors to Ethnic Differences
- Social Factors
- Biological Factors
Prevention
- School-Based Prevention
- Family-Based Prevention
- Alcohol Availability
Treatment
NIAAA Analysis Reveals Increased Risk for Liver Cirrhosis Death Among Hispanic Americans
- References
Health Effects
Cigarette Smoking Prevalence
- Prevalence of Other Forms of Tobacco Use
- Tobacco Industry Influence
- References
Latinos/Hispanic Americans
- Need For Mental Health Care
- High-Need Populations
- Availability of Mental Health Services
- Access to Mental Health Services
- Use of Mental Health Services
- Appropriateness and Outcomes of Mental Health Services
- Culturally Specific Mental Health Resources
Learning Objectives
After completing the course you’ll be able to:
- Recount the history of Hispanic immigration in the United States.
- Describe the core values and norms of the Hispanic culture.
- Describe what it means to be a Latino.
- Explain what the terms Latino and Hispanic imply.
- Explain the concepts of la familia, respeto, personalismo, and confianza in the context of Hispanic culture.
- Describe mortality and morbidity in Hispanic population.
- List top ten leading causes of death for Hispanics of all age groups.
- Describe the impact of various lifestyle and health behavioral factors on
Hispanics’ health status. - Describe the concept of health and preventive medicine in the context of
Hispanic culture. - Explain typical Hispanic health beliefs and practices.
- Explain major folk illnesses among Hispanic populations, defining
curanderismo.
- Describe the eating practices, food preferences and cultural implications of Mexican-American and Puerto Rican diet.
- Discuss how acculturation erodes the diet quality of U.S. Hispanics.
- Discuss Hispanic attitudes and knowledge about nutrition among various population groups.
- Describe the origins and applications of Hispanic folk medicine.
- Identify common Hispanic folk illnesses and their remedies.
- Incorporate the knowledge of Hispanic folk medicine beliefs into the development of effective patient management and counseling plans.
- Distinguish between non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics in their use of herbal remedies.
- Describe the socioeconomic and health status of Hispanics and compare
it with that of other population groups. - Follow recommendations to confirm patient teaching and treatment with
the traditional health beliefs and practices. - Implement recommendations to improve communication with Hispanic
patients.
- Cite statistics that show cancer health disparities among various racial
and ethnic groups. - Discuss various sources of disparities in cancer treatment for minority
population groups.
- Discuss how bias, prejudice, and stereotyping can contribute to unequal
treatment of patients on the basis of race and ethnicity.
- Discuss the epidemiology of diabetes in Hispanic Americans.
- Identify the factors that increase the chance of developing type 2
diabetes.
- Describe the health impact of sexually transmitted diseases on minority
women. - Discuss the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among various women
groups.
- Discuss factors affecting the health of women of color and their access
to services. - Discuss health risk behaviors that place adolescent females of color at
increased risk of morbidity or death. - Describe the demographics of elderly women of color.
- Discuss the access to health care available to elderly women of color and
its impact on morbidity and mortality.
- Discuss the key findings of the report dealing with pregnancy-related mortality in Hispanic women in the United States.
- Describe maternal health beliefs and practices that are common to Hispanic culture.
- Cite examples of epidemiological data affecting the health of childbearing women from various immigrant groups.
- Make a link between epidemiological data and cultural beliefs and health risks to pregnant women and infants.
- Apply the knowledge of cultural beliefs and immigrant experience to providing effective health care.
- Define terms such as intimate partner violence, sexual assault, dating violence, elder abuse.
- Describe the special problems faced by Hispanic elders.
- Describe the prevalence of elderly abuse in Hispanic families.
- Identify social and biological factors that contribute to ethnic differences
in drinking. - Describe ethnic differnces in drinking patterns.
- Discuss the use of tobacco in the Hispanic population.
- Discuss the need for mental helth care in Hispanic Americans.
To assess the effectiveness of the course material, we ask that you evaluate your achievement of each learning objective on a scale of A to D (A=excellent, B=good, C=fair, D=unsatisfactory). Please indicate your responses next to each learning objective and return it to us with your completed exam.
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