Learning Objectives
- Discuss basic components of the immune system.
- Describe the two basic types of leukocytes.
- Explain the keystone of immunology.
- Identify the origin and purpose of stem cells.
- Define immunity.
- Explain immune response: specific, nonspecific, cell mediated, adaptive.
- Define acquired immunity.
- Describe autoimmune responses.
- Explain CMI (cell-mediated immunity) and what it does.
- Discuss factors impacting the immune system.
- Discuss stressors, acute and chronic.
- Explain psychoneuroimmunology.
- Explain the connection between stress and immunity.
- Explain the link between immunity and viral infections.
- Discuss the link between stress, immunity, and chronic diseases.
- Identify factors that deplete immunity.
- Define anti-nutrients.
- Identify supplements that enhance immunity.
- Identify foods that aid immunity.
- Explain the benefits of various vitamins, minerals, and herbs.
- Identify foods to eat and those to avoid.
- Discuss actions and strategies for enhancing the immune system.
- Identify three types of vaccines.
- Explain advantages/disadvantages of live vaccines and inactive vaccines.
- Discuss the importance of vaccines.
- List factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases.
- Explain the role of vectors, biologic and mechanical.
- Explain the role of arthropod vectors, endoparasites and ectoparasites.
- Define zoonosis
- Describe how fungi can create disease.
- Discuss protozoa and what they can cause.
- Define bacteria and their life forms.
- Discuss transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and complications of botulism, salmonella, campylobacteriosis, and E coli.
- Describe causes, transmission, and symptoms of shigellosis, cholera, and typhoid fever.
- Identify effective ways to prevent the transmission of foodborne diseases.
- Describe the three stages of pertussis and why it is of concern today.
- Discuss transmission and symptoms of streptococcus A, bubonic plague, glanders, leptospirosis, and clostridium difficile infections.
- Explain cause, symptoms, transmission, and prevention of lyme disease.
- Explain transmission and infection routes of the viruses.
- Discuss microbial spread of viruses.
- Discuss diseases caused by viruses i.e., trypanosomiasis, cryptosporidiosis.
- Define antibiotic resistance, superbug, MRSA, and VRSA.
- Identify guidelines for using antibiotics appropriately.
- Explain how to prevent spread of antibiotic resistant infections.
- Identify co-morbid factors that contribute to MRSA/VRSA.
- Discuss the control of MRSA and VRSA outbreaks.
- Discuss vancomycin, gentamycin resistance.
- Describe the CDC guidelines for the proper use of vancomycin.
- Describe the characteristics and components of viruses.
- Discuss the history of virus discoveries.
- Discuss classifications of viruses.
- Explain viral entry and phases of replication.
- Explain how viruses are transmitted and the routes of infection.
- Explain bacteriophage therapy and its uses and benefits.
- Describe DNA and RNA viruses.
- Explain coronavirus, SARS, calicivirus, orthomyxovirus, paraviruses, and paramyxovirus.
- Discuss HIV statistics, transmission, and treatment.
- Identify a major protozoan disease, a parasitic disease, and rickettsias disease.
- Discuss the role of mosquitoes in spreading disease.
- Describe the etiology, epidemiology, and treatment of trypanosomiasis, cryptosporidiosis, malaria, typhus-rickettsias, dengue fever, and viral hemorrhagic fever.
- Explain what arenaviridae are and diseases that they cause.
- Discuss diseases caused by flaviviruses.
- Explain the difference between endemics, pandemics and epidemics.
- Describe various stages of pandemics.
- Explain antigenic shift and drift.
- Identify influenza types, subtypes, strains.
- Describe the symptoms and transmission of influenza.
- Identify the components of H5N1: avian flu, incubation period, and clinical manifestations.
- Explain the effectiveness and importance of the influenza vaccines.
- Discuss how influenza pandemics are different from other pandemic threats.
- Identify serious problems with pandemics.
- Explain transmission/incubation/clinical signs of swine flu.
- Discuss the history of H5N1 virus.
- Identify symptoms of avian flu caused by H5N1.
- Explain avian flu transmission.
- Identify medications used in the treatment of pandemic influenza.
- Explain how the avian flu pandemic influenza is different from avian influenza.
- Discuss Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
- Compare influenza and SARS.
- Identify ways to prevent spread of SARs or infectious influenza.
- Discuss antiviral vaccine development.
- Discuss the history of bioterrorism.
- Explain why BioWar is of grave concern.
- Classify bioterrorism agents or diseases.
- Describe BSL (Bio safety lab classifications).
- Discuss biological /viral agents’ use as biologic agents of bio war.
- Describe the botulinum toxins and how they might be used in biowarfare.
- Explain the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the plague, smallpox, and viral hemorrhagic fevers.
- Identify possible clues to a biological warfare or terrorist attack.
- Discuss The Four R’s for nurses.
- Explain the role of the school nurse in bio-terror or pandemics.
- Describe how the nursing role/scope of practice may change or expand during times of crisis.
- Describe an effective disaster plan.
- Explain political and financial factors related to public education.
- Discuss the nursing role in pandemics or other infectious threats to health.
- Describe indications of possible BW agent attack.
- Identify resources for nurses who wish to become better prepared.
- Discuss current pandemic challenges.
- Discuss community preparation, family and individual plans.
- Identify supplies that should be stored as part of a disaster preparedness plan.
Course Contents
Introduction and Course Focus
The Immune System Overview
Brief History
Components of the Immune System
- White Blood Cells
- Two Basic Types of Leukocytes
- Macrophages and Phagocytes
- Lymphocytes and Lymph Organs
- Lymph Nodes
- Lymphocyte Sub-Types
- The Two Major Types of T Cells
- A Deeper Look at B Cells
- Neutrophils/Granulocytes
- Eosinophils and Basophils
- The Spleen
Defense Against Antigens and Types of Immunity
- What Is Immunity?
Autoimmune Disease
More on Allergies
Active Immunity
A Closer Look at Immune Responses
- Humoral Response (Humoral Immunity)
- Cell-mediated Immunity (CMI)
Passive Immunity
Nonspecific and Specific Immunity
Summary
Factors Affecting Immunity
- Impact of Heavy Metals on the Immune System
- Stress and the Immune System
Psychoneuroimmunology
- Ten-Year Study
- Mood and Immunity
- Type A and Type B Personalities and Stress
Diseases Associated with Stress
- Asthma
- Post- traumatic Stress Disorder
- Migraine Headaches
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Diabetes
- Psoriasis/Eczema
- Gastrointestinal Diseases
- Myocardial Infarction
- Wound Healing
- Psychological Stress and Viral Infection
- Increasing Demands to Sustain a Life Style
Summary
Supplements and Diet
- Depleting the Immune System
Supplements that Enhance Immunity
- Vitamins
- Carotenoids (Beta-carotene)
- Minerals
Foods that Strengthen the Immune System
- Immune Enhancing Diet
Foods to Avoid
- High Fat Foods
- High Nutrient Diet
Herbs
Tonics, Specifics, Heroics, Protectors and Cleansers
- Tonics
- Specifics
- Heroics (or “Forcing Herbs”)
- Protectors and Cleansers
Immune Herbs: Surface and Deep-acting Herbs
- Echinacea
- Astragalus
- Goldenseal
- Ginkgo Biloba
Other Herbs of Interest
- Gotu Kola
- Rosemary
- Green Tea Extract
- Soybean
- Pau d’arco (Tabebuia pentaphylla)
- Ginger
- Garlic
- Cayenne
- Seaweed
Herbal Teas
Live Cultured Foods
- Live Cultured Food
- Mushroom Family
Other Immune System Enhancers
- Exercise
- Yoga and Stretching
- Hand Hygiene
- Laughter and Humor
- Music
- Sleep
- Positive Thinking
- Tea
- Hydrotherapy
- Acupuncture
Summary
Vaccine Types
- Sub-unit vaccines
- Inactivated Vaccines
- Polysaccharide Vaccines (a subunit of inactivated vaccines)
- Live Virus Vaccines
- Recombinant Vaccines
Summary
Today’s Facts
- Heart Disease
- Infectious Diseases Are Number One Killers
- Factors Contributing to Emergence or Re-Emergence of Diseases
- Re-Emergence
- Pathogenic Microbes
- Zoonoses
Vectors
- Biologic and Mechanical Vectors
- Arthropod Vectors
Parasites, Fungi, Helminths, Protozoa
- Parasites
- Ectoparasite and Endoparasites
- Fungi — Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Protozoa and Helminths
- Protozoa
- Helminths (Worms)
Some Diseases Caused by Worms
- Schistosomiasis
- Dracunculiasis, (Racunculiasis) or Guinea Worm (GWD)
- Onchocerciasis
- Summary
Anatomy of a Bacteria Cell
- Endotoxin and Exotoxins
Some Foodborne Infections Caused by Infectious Bacteria
Campylobacteriosis — Campylobacter Jejuni
E. Coli Infection
Salmonellosis
Botulism
Shigellosis
Cholera
Typhoid Fever (differs from Typhus)
Summary
Pertussis
Clostridium Difficile Infection
Bubonic Plague
Streptococcal A
Glanders
Leptospirosis
Lyme Disease
Summary
MRSA
- Factors that Increase Antibiotic Resistance
- Control of MRSA Outbreaks
- Prevention of MRSA Outbreaks
Infection Control Guidelines (CDC)
- HIV and MRSA
VRE and VRSA
Vancomycin, Gentamycin Resistance: Antibiotic Exposure Co-morbid Factor
- VRE and VRSA
- Antibiotics Mismanagement
- Risk Factors for VRE or VRSA Infections
- Preventing Transmission of VRE and VRSA
- Surveillance Programs for Detecting Outbreaks of Nosocomial Infections
- Transmission
- Precautions
- Antibiotic Treatment of VRE
- Treatment of VRSA
- CDC Guidelines for the Proper Use of Vancomycin
- Nursing Implications
Summary
Virus
- What Is a Virus?
- The Viral Envelope
- A Brief History of Virus Discoveries
- Viral Replication
Phases of Replication
- Characteristics of Viruses Summarized
Viral Entry
- Infection Can Occur Via
- Main Mechanisms for Spread throughout the Host
A Deeper Look at Virology
- What Is Virology?
- Classification of DNA and RNA Viruses
- Subviral Agents
- Bacteriophage and the Lysogenic Effect and Phage Therapy
- Structural Overview of Bacteriophage
- The Lysogenic Life Cycle of Temperate Bacteriophages
- Phage Therapy
- Benefits of Phage Therapy
Summary
General Virus Types: DNA and RNA
Adenovirus
- Associated Diseases
- Transmission
- Clinical Course and Diagnosis
- Treatment and Therapy
- Prevention
- Vaccination
RNA Viruses
- Coronaviruses
- SARS—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
- Calicivirus
Norovirus Infection
- Symptoms
- Transmission
Orthomyxoviruses/Influenza Viruses
- Transmission
- Site of Infection
Picornaviruses
- Picornavirus Diseases
- Paramyxovirus
- Transmission
Measles (Rubeola)
- Symptoms
- Complications of Measles
Nipah Virus/Paramyxoviridae
- Symptoms
Retrovirus
- Retrovirus — HIV/AIDS
AIDS
- Definitions
- Diagnosis
Four Retroviruses
- Viral Load
- Transmission
- Treatment
- Summary of the AIDS/HIV Facts and Cycle
Lentiviruses (subgroup of retroviruses)
Rotavirus
Summary
Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
- Clinical Symptoms
Cryptosporidiosis
- Symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis
- Risk for Cryptosporidiosis
Malaria
Typhus — Rickettsias
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF)
- Clinical Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Epidemiology of Disease Transmission
- Prevention/Prophylaxis
- Bunyavirus
- Arenaviridae
- Lassa Fever
- Filovirus (Ebola)
Flavivirus
- The 13-infectious Flavivirus
Therapy/Management
Prevention
Summary
- Endemic
- Epidemic
- Pandemic: The Difference Between an Epidemic and a Pandemic
Pandemics – A Brief Historical Overview
Stages of a Pandemic
- Interpandemic Period
- Pandemic Alert Period
- Pandemic Period
- Pandemic Summary
Drift, Shift, Types, Subtypes, and Strains
- Antigenic Drift
- Antigenic Shift
Influenza Types and Strains
- Types of Influenza
- Strains of Influenza
Human Influenza Viruses Versus Avian Influenza Viruses
- Low Pathogenic Versus Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses
- Putting It Together: Types and Subtypes
Summary
Swine Flu or Avian Influenza?
Influenza Pandemics Are Different
Serious Problems with Pandemics
- Global Quick Spread
- Economic and Social Costs of Pandemics
- Potential Costs per Individual
- Surge Capacity – Inadequate Medical Supplies
- Dramatic Death Toll
- Swine Flu
- Transmission
- Clinical Signs
- Diagnosis
Pandemic Concerns Today
Seasonal Flu Versus Pandemic Flu
- Seasonal Flu
- Pandemic Flu
Do Nurses Need to Worry About the Avian Flu: H5N1 Virus?
- Brief History of H5N1 Virus
- Avian Flu Expected Soon in the United States
- Changing Statistics
- Is H5N1 the Same Strain as Was Found in 1918 Spanish Flu?
Avian Flu Caused by H5N1
- Symptoms of Avian Flu
- Pathophysiology
- Incubation
- Avian Influenza Transmission
- Diagnostic Problems
- Influenza Diagnosis Confirmation
- New Testing For Influenza Strains
- Gold Standard Testing
Prevention of Pandemic Influenza
- Ban Importation of Chicken
- Culling
- Treatment
- Vaccine Development
- The Avian Flu Pandemic Influenza is Different from Avian Influenza
- Influenza Compared to SARS
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
- Ways to Prevent Spread of SARS or Infectious Influenza
The New Biological Weapons
- Delivery and Detection of Biological Warfare
- Nursing Responsibility
- Classification of Bioterrorism Agents or Disease
- Genetic Alterations
- Gene Sequences Available Online
- West Nile Virus Released?
- Replication of Norovirus
- Storage of Infectious Agents
Biotech or Bioterror
- Historical Overview: Use of Biological Agents
- The History of Biological Warfare (BW)
- Challenges
- Protective Measures
Biosafety Laboratory Standards (BSL)
- Biosafety Level 1
- Biosafety Level 2
- Biosafety Level 3
- Biosafety Level 4
Summary
Natural Evolution or Intentional Infliction
Anthrax
- Morbidity
- Vaccination
- Reportability
- Inhalation Anthrax
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Cutaneous Anthrax
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Gastrointestinal Anthrax
- Diagnosis and Treatment
Plague
- Pathophysiology
- Dissemination
- Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention/Prophylaxis
Cholera
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention/Prophylaxis
Tularemia
- History of Tularemia as a Bio Weapon
- Vector Transmission
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prophylaxis/Prevention
Brucellosis
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention/Prophylaxis
Q fever
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention /Prophylaxis
Smallpox
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Signs
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Residual Immunity
Monkeypox
Viral Encephalitides
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
Ricin
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prophylaxis
Botulinum Toxin
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention/Prophylaxis
Mycotoxins
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B.
- Toxicity
- Diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Treatment for SEB Poisoning
Summary
Public Health
- The Four R’s for Nurses as Adopted by Many Organizations
- Children Are Vulnerable
- The School Nurse in Bio-terror or Pandemics
What Nurses Need to Look at Today
Public Health Nursing
- FluSurge
What Nurses Can Do Today
- Expanded Scope of Practice
- Nursing Infection Control Precautions for Influenza A (H5N1)
- Isolation Precautions
Surveillance
- Indications of Possible BW Agent Attack or a Pandemic
- Resources for Nurses Who Wish to Become Better Prepared
Biosecurity
Summary
Surveillance and Laboratory Issues
Communication
Community Services
Medical Care
- Influenza Pandemic Preparedness
Vaccines and Drugs
Pandemic Challenges
Backyard Local Farmers with Fresh Eggs
- Isolating Flocks from Wild Bird Populations, Human Contact, and Each Other
- Minimizing Bird-to-Human Contact
- Other Ways of Preventing Spread of Virus Among Animals
Community Preparation
Family and Individual Plans
Water Treatment
- Boiling
- Chlorination
- Water Treatment Purification Tablets
- Distillation
- Outdoor Water Sources: Purify the Water Before Drinking It.
Food Items
- Long-Term Bulk Foods
Responsibilities of the Individuals and Families
Justified Alarm
- Other Components
The Next Pandemic
- Political and Financial Need
- Financial Perspective
Government Response Today
- Federal Actions
- State and Local Responsibilities
Have a Disaster Plan, and Know It
- Can You Locate Your Disaster Plan?
Conclusion
Bibliography
Customer Comments
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